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Essentials of Microhardness Testing – Vickers and Knoop Hardness Tests Hardness test techniques utilize an indenter probe displaced into a surface under a defined load. The indentation usually has a pre-set dwell time. Traditional mechanical testing requires the measurement of the indentation’s size or depth in order to determine hardness. There are two ranges of hardness testing – macrohardness and microhardness. Macrohardness covers testing that involves an applied load of more than 1 kg or roughly 10 Newton (N). Microhardness testing that has applied loads not reaching 10 N, is often reserved plated surfaces, thin films, smaller samples or thin specimens. The two most popular microhardness testing techniques used nowadays are Vickers and Knoop hardness tests. For greater accuracy and repeatability of results, microhardness testing should account for sample size, environment and preparation effects. Samples should be perpendicular to the indenter tip and fit in the sample stage. A really rough surface could reduce indentation data’s accuracy; a tested method for polishing samples is the safest. The microhardness tester should be totally separated from vibrations. For samples having several phases or grain size variations, statistical data will be required. Vickers Hardness
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The Vickers hardness test makes use of a Vickers indenter that is pressed against a surface to a pre-determined force maintained usually for 10 seconds. With the indentation complete, the resulting indent will be scrutinized optically to measure the lengths of the diagonals, which will be used for determining the impression’s size.
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There is, in the lower range of the applied load, some degree of operator bias that must be expected using this method. As per ASTM E384-11, the length of indentation diagonals must be greater than 17 microns. For coated samples, this test will not apply for coating thicknesses not reaching 60 microns. For several kinds of samples, the contact depth is different from the displacement depth since the surrounding material becomes elastically deflected during the indentation process. Aside from the above, this effect will also influence accuracy and precision for microhardness data. Knoop Hardness Similar to the Vickers hardness test is the Knoop hardness test, another microhardness technique. The process involves a Knoop indenter pressing into a surface for measuring hardness. However, with its more rectangular or elongated form, the Knoop indenter looks different from a Vickers indenter for microhardness testing or a Berkovich indenter, which is used for nanoindentation. The Knoop hardness test method, which follows a very meticulous sample preparation process, is generally used on lighter loads set for microhardness testing. Knoop hardness testing is used on samples that need indentations to be close together or on the sample’s edge, with both benefitting from the unique probe shape. A particular load is applied for a pre-defined dwell time. Unlike the Vickers hardness method, the Knoop test method solely uses the long axis. Making use of a chart, the resulting indentation measurements will then be converted to a Knoop hardness number.